常见的注解有如下
标准注解:
注解(也被称为元数据)为我们在代码中添加信息提供了一种形式化的方法,使得我们可以在稍后某个时候非常方便地使用这些数据。
引自 Think in java。
想要定义一个注解,需要元注解的帮助。
元注解:
简单样例:
/*** 添加这个注解,可以统计方法的运行时间,* 且携带开发者相关信息* @author cay* @since 2023/02/07*/
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
public @interface RunningTime {/*** 添加开发负责人的信息,方便对应人员修复bug* @return 开发者相关信息*/String authorMsg();
}
从上面的简单案例中可以看到 需要填加内容 ElementType, ElementType的是一个枚举类型。
public enum ElementType {/** Class, interface (including annotation type), or enum declaration */TYPE,/** Field declaration (includes enum constants) */FIELD,/** Method declaration */METHOD,/** Formal parameter declaration */PARAMETER,/** Constructor declaration */CONSTRUCTOR,/** Local variable declaration */LOCAL_VARIABLE,/** Annotation type declaration */ANNOTATION_TYPE,/** Package declaration */PACKAGE,/*** Type parameter declaration** @since 1.8*/TYPE_PARAMETER,/*** Use of a type** @since 1.8*/TYPE_USE
}
用来表示需要在什么级别保存注解的信息。需要填写枚举类型 RetentionPolicy。
public enum RetentionPolicy {/*** Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler.*/SOURCE,/*** Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler* but need not be retained by the VM at run time. This is the default* behavior.*/CLASS,/*** Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and* retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.** @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement*/RUNTIME
}
SOURCE 级别则只会在源码阶段存在,编译后就不存在。CLASS 则编译后依然会存在,但是不会jvm中保留。RUNTIME 则会一直存在到代码运行的时候,所以可以通过反射获得
SOURCE 级别简单示例
在常用的lombok中的日志注解:@Slf4j,就是默认在SOURCE级别上,编译之后就会消失,但是会做一定的操作。
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
public @interface Slf4j {String topic() default "";
}
代码使用@Slf4j:
@Slf4j
public class Recommendation {/*** 需要增强的方法*/public void recommend() {log.info("推荐动漫: 一人之下");}
}
字节码中会将注解变成一句代码
public class Recommendation {//注解生成的语句private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Recommendation.class);/*** 需要增强的方法*/public void recommend() {log.info("推荐动漫: 小妖怪的夏天");}
}
注解定义:
/*** 添加这个注解,可以统计方法的运行时间,* 且携带开发者相关信息* @author cay*/
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
public @interface RunningTime {/*** 添加开发负责人的信息,方便对应人员修复bug* @return 开发者相关信息*/String authorMsg();
}
添加注解的方法
/*** 注解使用的样例* @author cay* @since 2023/02/07*/
@Slf4j
public class AnnotationSample {/*** 使用注解的方法*/@RunningTime(authorMsg = "cay")public void recommend() {log.info("推荐电视剧:今日宜加油");}
}
测试单元通过反射获取注解中的信息
/*** 通过反射获取注解的信息*/
@Test
public void testReflect() throws ClassNotFoundException {Class> clazz = Class.forName("com.example.demo.simple.AnnotationSample");// 获取该类的所有方法Method[] declaredMethods = clazz.getDeclaredMethods();for (Method declaredMethod : declaredMethods) {if (declaredMethod.isAnnotationPresent(RunningTime.class)) {RunningTime annotation = declaredMethod.getAnnotation(RunningTime.class);String info = annotation.authorMsg();log.info("注解中存储的信息:{}", info);}}
}
注意:
**想要通过反射获取注解,则需要设置为 @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)。那么如果想要处理 SOURCE级别,就可以使用注解处理器Processor **
毕竟现在都是使用springboot框架,所以spring也帮我们简化了注解的使用,当自己想要根据注解去做些额外的事情的时候,和aop结合使用会非常的方便。
简单的使用案例,之前写过,就不在赘述了,链接如下
https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44457062/article/details/128915444
既然提到了Aop,就顺便记录一下Spring中Aop的相关信息。
AOP(Aspect Oriented Programming),即面向切面编程,可以方便的用来统一处理日志、管理事务等,与业务逻辑分离。
官网地址:
https://docs.spring.io/spring-framework/docs/current/reference/html/core.html#aop
英文概念:
- Aspect: A modularization of a concern that cuts across multiple classes. Transaction management is a good example of a crosscutting concern in enterprise Java applications. In Spring AOP, aspects are implemented by using regular classes (the schema-based approach) or regular classes annotated with the
@Aspect
annotation (the @AspectJ style).- Join point: A point during the execution of a program, such as the execution of a method or the handling of an exception. In Spring AOP, a join point always represents a method execution.
- Advice: Action taken by an aspect at a particular join point. Different types of advice include “around”, “before” and “after” advice. (Advice types are discussed later.) Many AOP frameworks, including Spring, model an advice as an interceptor and maintain a chain of interceptors around the join point.
- Pointcut: A predicate that matches join points. Advice is associated with a pointcut expression and runs at any join point matched by the pointcut (for example, the execution of a method with a certain name). The concept of join points as matched by pointcut expressions is central to AOP, and Spring uses the AspectJ pointcut expression language by default.
- Introduction: Declaring additional methods or fields on behalf of a type. Spring AOP lets you introduce new interfaces (and a corresponding implementation) to any advised object. For example, you could use an introduction to make a bean implement an
IsModified
interface, to simplify caching. (An introduction is known as an inter-type declaration in the AspectJ community.)- Target object: An object being advised by one or more aspects. Also referred to as the “advised object”. Since Spring AOP is implemented by using runtime proxies, this object is always a proxied object.
- AOP proxy: An object created by the AOP framework in order to implement the aspect contracts (advise method executions and so on). In the Spring Framework, an AOP proxy is a JDK dynamic proxy or a CGLIB proxy.
- Weaving: linking aspects with other application types or objects to create an advised object. This can be done at compile time (using the AspectJ compiler, for example), load time, or at runtime. Spring AOP, like other pure Java AOP frameworks, performs weaving at runtime.
英文的顺序有点乱,自己按照概念排了一下序,大致意思(自己的理解):
spring已经帮我们封装好了五种 advise,我们可以很简单的实现aop,实现对需要增强方法的增强逻辑。之前对总结过,就不赘述了,之前文章链接:
https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44457062/article/details/128710179
注意:
jdk动态代理是基于接口,生成实现类,复写被增强类里的方法,然后在添加增强方法。
简单使用
/*** @author cay*/
public interface IMyAopProxyService {public void myAopProxy();
}
/*** @author cay*/
@Slf4j
public class MyAopProxyServiceImpl implements IMyAopProxyService {@Overridepublic void myAopProxy() {log.info("aop proxy......");}
}
/*** aop测试的增强类* @author cay*/
@Slf4j
public class MyAopProxyAdvice {/*** 前置增强*/public void beforeMethod() {log.info("before advice ......");}/*** 后置增强*/public void afterMethod() {log.info("after advice ......");}
}
/*** 测试JDK动态代理*/
@Test
public void testJdkAopProxy() {//需要被增强的类,使用接口接收IMyAopProxyService myAopProxyService = new MyAopProxyServiceImpl();//增强类MyAopProxyAdvice myAopProxyAdvice = new MyAopProxyAdvice();//调用JDK动态代理Object proxy = Proxy.newProxyInstance(myAopProxyService.getClass().getClassLoader(), myAopProxyService.getClass().getInterfaces(),new InvocationHandler() {@Overridepublic Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {myAopProxyAdvice.beforeMethod();Object invoke = method.invoke(myAopProxyService, args);myAopProxyAdvice.afterMethod();return invoke;}});IMyAopProxyService jdkProxy = (IMyAopProxyService) proxy;log.info("aopProxy: {}", proxy);jdkProxy.myAopProxy();
}
CGLIB代理基于类,生成子类,子类覆盖父类方法,并添加增强方法。
spring boot 2.x 之后,spring boot默认是CGLIB 代理,spring的默认代理是 JDK 动态代理。
使用上面JDK代理创建的类,测试单元:
/*** 测试CGLIB代理*/
@Test
public void testCglibAopProxy() {//被增强的类,使用本类接收MyAopProxyServiceImpl myAopProxyService = new MyAopProxyServiceImpl();MyAopProxyAdvice myAopProxyAdvice = new MyAopProxyAdvice();Enhancer enhancer = new Enhancer();enhancer.setSuperclass(myAopProxyService.getClass());enhancer.setCallback(new MethodInterceptor() {@Overridepublic Object intercept(Object o, Method method, Object[] objects, MethodProxy methodProxy) throws Throwable {myAopProxyAdvice.beforeMethod();Object invoke = methodProxy.invokeSuper(o, objects);myAopProxyAdvice.afterMethod();return invoke;}});Object o = enhancer.create();MyAopProxyServiceImpl cglibProxy = (MyAopProxyServiceImpl) o;log.info("cglibProxy:{}", cglibProxy);cglibProxy.myAopProxy();
}